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Determination of chloride and sulfate in dust using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.Sample:dust sampleSample preparation:0.1 g of dust dissolved in 100 mL c(HNO3) = 0.02 mol/L 0.45 µm filtration

Determination of chloride, bromide, and sulfate in photographic process wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide and thiosulfate in photographic process wastewater using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite and nitrite using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, propionate, formate, and chloride in water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, and sulfate in seawater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfite, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate in process wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of NTA, HEDP, and ATMP using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of total phosphate in wastewater after digestion with peroxodisulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, sulfite, and sulfate in wastewater containing high levels of chloride using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and after inline chloride removal.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, and sulfate in river water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of silicate, sulfate, and phosphate in a clay extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection before and after chemical suppression. Using a step gradient and switching valve to work with or without chemical suppression.

Determination of 2-fluorobenzoate in a water deposit from the oil production industry using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, and sulfate in an ion exchanger eluate containing 2 g/L nitrate using anion chromatography with a step gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in a plant extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater containing N-methylpyrrolidone using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline matrix elimination.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in water from an agricultural irrigation system using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of thiooctanoate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a borate effluent using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Fast and reliable analysis of drinking water by combining EPA method 300.1 Parts A and B in a single IC run.

Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, and phosphate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, and sulfate in process water using anion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, propionate, formate, butyrate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, sulfate, malonate, and oxalate in an industrial process water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in produced water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in an ambient aerosol (PM2.5) using aerosol sampling with the PILS (Particle Into Liquid Sampler) and anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate on a short column or the ions mentioned plus bromate and nitrite on a long column in water samples applying intelligent column-switching using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, fumarate, and molybdate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

The anion column Metrosep A Supp 15 - 150/4.0 is a pretty high-capacity column. The direct determination of arsenate in a matrix of 180 mg/L chloride and 320 mg/L sulfate is not possible, as the arsenate is hardly detectable under the sulfate peak tail. Sample reinjection cuts off the majority of the matrix and therefore allows an accurate determination of the arsenate.

VoltIC pro I is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu): comprehensive water analysis on a single system.

Azide may be formed during the production of certain pharmaceutical products. It can cause explosions during manufacturing. Therefore, its concentration in the air needs to be monitored in order to prevent such accidents. Azide (N3-) is well separated from standard anions on the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 under standard conditions.

Formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate in addition to standard anions are determined in a coal extract. To improve the separation of the early eluting organic acid anions, a Dose-in Gradient is applied. Due to the limited sample volume available, Metrohm intelligent Pick-up Technique (MiPuT) is also utilized.

The determination of low nitrite concentrations in the presence of excess sodium chloride is demanding due to the small retention time difference of these two anions. Dual detection – conductivity and UV/VIS – is a powerful method for determining nitrite traces in a 20 g/L sodium matrix. The UV/VIS chromatogram displays no chloride interferences. The determination of ammonium traces in the presence of excess sodium is described in AN-C-145.

Fast IC means short run times and a high sample throughput. This is attained using short columns and strong eluents. Drinking water (including fluoride) is analyzed on the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 100/4.0 under the same conditions as in AN-S-322.

Swimming pool water needs to be thoroughly disinfected and this is often accomplished with ozonization. This process can generate harmful oxyhalides, the concentration of which must be monitored. Here the separation and determination of oxyhalides as well as standard anions are carried out using a column of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 type. Quantification takes place using conductivity detection in accordance with sequential suppression.

The column stability of the microbore version of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/2.0 was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 12 weeks and counted a total of 2,650 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

The stability of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 10 weeks and counted a total of 2,150 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

Inline Ultrafiltration is a proven sample preparation technique for samples that are slightly or massively contaminated with particles, algae or bacteria. Filtration and injection are coupled and fully automatic. As a rule, 100 or more samples can be filtered through a single membrane. Service life is extended – even with highly contaminated tannery effluent – to more than 300 injections because the filter membrane is rinsed again once more after the analysis with the aid of the Dosino backflush.

Traces of organic acids can be determined only with difficulty in the presence of high concentrations of standard anions, because their small peaks generally disappear under the larger peaks of the standard anions. A simple dose-in-gradient improves the separation: acetate and formate are baseline-separated from fluoride. Furthermore, oxalate elutes considerably less than sulfate. The separation takes place on a column of the Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 type with subsequent conductivity detection following sequential suppression.

Perchlorate in water is mainly due to anthropogenic sources such as fertilizers, fireworks, rocket fuel, etc. Trace analysis of perchlorate in water samples is a critical task. The high content of standard anions leads to large peaks that interfere with the very small perchlorate peak. In the heart-cut technique, the perchlorate fraction – widely freed of interfering anions – is re-injected onto the column thus providing a sharp peak.

Perchlorate is a wide-spread contaminant in drinking water. In addition to a few natural sources, perchlorate is generally released into drinking water from propellants and from disinfecting and bleaching agents. Convenient separation from other ions is accomplished on a column of the Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 type before it is quantified using sequential suppression and conductivity detection. In comparison to AN-S-324, this Application Note shows a considerably lower matrix influence.

VoltIC Professional 1 is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated, simultaneous analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu). The multiple-parameter analysis uses the same "Liquid Handling" elements and a shared sample changer, thus saving on space and costs.

In ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection, calibration curves quite often are not really linear. Especially, if a calibration has to cover a large concentration range, results will be more accurate when multiple calibration curves for different concentration ranges are applied. The MagIC Net software allows to apply multiple calibration curves within one single determination. This means that for every ion the optimal calibration is applied, improving the accuracy of the results. This method is applied to rainwater samples.

Ion chromatography (IC) is the method of choice to determine the concentration of common ions in water. This information is crucial as drinking water must meet certain standards to guarantee health (e.g., nitrite and nitrate), as well as technical suitability (e.g., corrosiveness of chloride and sulfate). The Eco IC is an ion chromatograph suitable for economical routine water analysis. Using an A Supp 17 anion column, the analysis of major anions in drinking waters is robust and can be performed at ambient temperatures without additional temperature conditioning.

The Eco IC is an entry-level instrument that is particularly suitable for routine operations and water analysis. It is equipped with a conductivity detector and can be used both with and without chemical suppression. This Application Note describes the determination of anion content with the Metrosep A Supp 17 - 250/4.0 column. This column model is particularly suitable for water analysis at room temperature.

The microbore Metrosep A Supp 4 - 250/2.0 column is particularly suitable for the analysis of anions in critical samples. A waste water sample is being analyzed in the current application. The sample requires only one filtration prior to injection on the Metrosep A Supp 4 - 250/2.0. The anions are quantified with the application of conductivity detection following sequential suppression.

Kjeldahl nitrogen is a typical titration application that follows digestion and ammonia distillation. The ASTM Standard D8001 now offers an alternative applying persulfate digestion followed by IC determination. No distillation is required. In addition, the method enables the determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. We show the results of control samples containing organic substances. As these substances are dissolved in ultrapure water, the nitrogen concentration found corresponds to Total Nitrogen and Kjeldahl Nitrogen.

Soluble tungsten and molybdenum are available in soil mainly as their oxosalts, tungstate and molybdate. Tungstate is rather a hazardous compound, which may interfere with plant growth. Molybdate, on the other hand, is a required micronutrient, required e.g. for nitrate fixation in legumes. Both can easily be determined after alkaline digestion with ion chromatography followed by conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

EN ISO 10304-1 is one of the most important standards for the determination of the seven standard anions in water samples. Many other standards refer to EN ISO 10304-01 if anion determination by IC is required. This standard asks for a membrane filtration for samples to avoid bacteria and solids, if required. This application shows the determination of anions according EN ISO 10304-1 applying Inline Ultrafiltration. This setup avoids tedious manual sample filtration and handles any samples fully automatically.

Determination of arsenic in dust from a waste incineration plant is performed. This is required as the environmental risk depends on the degree of oxidation of the arsenic species. Due to the different pKa of the respective anions, selenite requires non-suppressed conductivity detection, while arsenate is best determined with suppression. The determination of both species is achieved by switching the suppressor in and out, respectively.

Determination of disinfection byproducts in water is a standard application for ion chromatography. Applying conductivity detection the separation of chlorite and bromate from chloride is crutial for μg/L detection limits. The combination of a Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 and a Metrosep A Supp 16 Guard/4.0 lead to an improved separation. The Limit of Quantification for bromate is around 1 μg/L

The TitrIC flex II system is the perfect combination of titration, direct measurement, and ion chromatography for fully automated analysis of all key parameters. These include pH, conductivity, hardness, anions, cations, as well as the calculation of the ion balance: comprehensive water analysis from one system.

Process water from flue gas desulfurization mainly contains sulfite and sulfate. Besides these two main components, other sulfur species may be formed in the process. This application describes the determination of such late-eluting sulfur species with ion chromatography applying a Dose-in gradient. The applied gradient profile enables the resolution of amidosulfonate, dithionate, and imidodisulfonate besides thiosulfate, thiocyanate, major anions, and acetate.

Forensic institutes examine terrorist attacks and warfare agents via trace detection analysis of the used explosives and their residuals. Of particular importance is the acquisition of «chemical fingerprints» for criminal investigation departments and governmental security agencies. Institutes for public health and environmental protection analyze such compounds that can contaminate the underlying soil and infiltrate ground water.Forensic investigation with ion chromatography (IC) using suppressed conductivity detection allows a sensitive and robust determination of anionic contaminants such as chlorate, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate next to the common inorganic anions over a broad concentration range.

The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.

This Application Note demonstrates square wave voltammetry for sensitive, reproducible quantification of paracetamol using a screen-printed electrode and INTELLO.

This Application Note presents DPV as a sensitive, selective method for detecting heavy metals in water, detailing setup, parameters, and advantages over other techniques.

This Application Note presents a potentiometric titration method for trace H2S analysis in water on an OMNIS system using silver nitrate and an Ag Titrode.

Determination of calcium in aqueous solutions by photometric titration with EDTA using the 610 nm Spectrode.

Determination of nitrite in aqueous solutions by potentiometric back-titration of the added permanganate excess with ammonium iron(II) sulfate using the Pt-Titrode.

The automated system Basic water analysis determines conductivity, pH value, and alkalinity in all kind of water samples. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated sample addition, automated calibration as well as automated titer and cell constant determination) minimizes errors and guarantees an outstanding reproducibility.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), the pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and Ca/Mg content (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2). Additionally, the system transfers the required sample volume into an external titration vessel for the analysis, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and chloride content (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into an external titration vessel, further reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be calibrated automatically and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), Ca/Mg (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2), and chloride (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into external titration vessels for the different analyses, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

ASTM D8192 describes the photometric titration of the total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness in water with an optical sensor for objective endpoint indication, increasing precision and reliability. The method is suitable for both colored and colorless samples such as groundwater, surface water, wastewater, and drinking water. Using a fully automated OMNIS system equipped with an Optrode ensures that the sample preparation and analysis are repeatable.

This Application Note describes the photometric determination of sulfate using the Optrode (610 nm). Sulfate is titrated with a lead nitrate solution; dithizone is used as indicator.

The automated system MATi 13 determines the permanganate index in all kind of water samples according to EN ISO 8467. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated sample addition, automated titer and blank value determination) minimizes errors and guarantees robust and reproducible results.

This Application Note describes an automated system with which the chloride content in various water samples can be determined. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated addition of acid and titer determination) reduces errors to a minimum and ensures outstanding reproducibility.

This Application Note describes automatic sulfate determination using a combined ion-selective calcium electrode. Sulfate is precipitated with an excess of barium chloride solution. Excess barium is subsequently back-titrated with a standard EGTA solution.

Water hardness is often determined photometrically using two different indicators and while performing the determination at two different pH values. Additionally, the determination itself is subjective, as the color change is determined by the analyst and not by an analytical device.This application note introduces a more robust option to easily assess calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water by using the Cu-ISE and two different titrants. Sample preparation is identical for both analyses and can therefore be automated without any issues.

Alkalinity is well-suited as a means of describing the capacity of a body of water to neutralize acid contaminations. It is therefore an important indicator for estimating the influence of contaminations on the ecological system.

The permanganate index (PMI) is a sum parameter that indicates the total load of oxidizable organic and inorganic matter in water. The substances concerned are mainly humic materials/acids that are primarily formed when dead organic material present in soil is further broken down and released into water sources. As it is an indicator of the water quality, testing of the PMI for drinking water is obligatory in many countries.For the determination, it is necessary to heat the stabilized water sample to 95 °C and higher for a stipulated time. Afterwards, the amount of permanganate that has remained after the reaction with the sample is determined titrimetrically. This sample preparation step requires considerable manual effort.In this Application Note, a fully automated procedure for the determination of the PMI according to GB/T 11892 is described, including all sample preparation steps. The gains in productivity because of a reduced manual workload are considerable.

The determination of the physical and chemical parameters as electrical conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, the calcium and magnesium hardness as well as the total hardness are necessary for evaluating the water quality. A fast and accurate determination in tap water is realized using an automated OMNIS System working in parallel on different workstations. An 856 Conductivity Module with Dosinos extends the system.

Water treatment with ozone (O3) is a common procedure for the disinfection of swimming pools. It is important that a sufficient but not excessive amount of O3 is produced to disinfect the water. Otherwise, the remaining ozone could enter the swimming water, which could irritate the respiratory system or the skin of bathers.Ozone is also used in drinking and waste water treatment because it is significantly more effective than chlorine at inactivating or killing viruses and bacteria. This application note describes a method to determine the ozone concentration in water by potentiometric titration according to DIN 38408-3.

Nitrogen-based compounds are widely distributed in the environment and are essential growth nutrients for photosynthetic organisms. Therefore, it is important to monitor and control the amount of nitrogen compounds which are released into the environment.In this Application Note, a method to determine the nitrogen content in water by Kjeldahl digestion and distillation followed by a photometric or potentiometric titration according to ASTM D3590 is presented. The universality, precision, and reproducibility of the Kjeldahl method have made it the internationally recognized method for e.g. estimating the protein content in many matrices and it is the standard method to which all other methods are judged against.

This Application Note shows the automatic pH adjustment of a mixture of acetonitrile, water and amine using a Metrohm titrator.

Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of treating both drinking water and wastewater. Aluminum salts such as aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) are often used for this purpose. For the precise application and exact dosage of the flocculant, it is important to accurately determine its aluminum content. In this Application Note, the aluminum content is accurately and reliably analyzed based on ABNT NBR 11176 using the 859 Titrotherm equipped with a Thermoprobe HF and sodium fluoride as titrant.

Titration is an accurate and precise method that can be used to determine the pyrophosphate content in aqueous products. The OMNIS Titrator equipped with a dUnitrode delivers reliable determinations.

Alkalinity defines the acid-binding capacity of natural water. A distinction is made between total alkalinity (m-value) and carbonate alkalinity (p-value). This Application Note presents the determination of pH and alkalinity in water with a titration method conforming to EPA 310.1, Standard Methods 2320 B (Titration Method), ASTM D1067, EN ISO 9963-1, and EN ISO 9963-2.

Determination of bromide and nitrate in 1% sodium chloride solution using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection (205 nm) after chemical suppression.

Determination of glycolic and lactic acid in the presence of N-methyl pyrrolidone used in drug delivery systems using ion-exclusion chromatography with UV/VIS detection.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in seawater from a shrimp farm using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and subsequent UV/VIS detection.

Determination of traces of iodide in bottled water using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection.

Determination of HEDPA, PBTC, and NTP using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection after post column reaction (PCR).

Determination of bromate in water using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction (PCR) with o-dianisidine reagent (described in EPA 317.0).

Determination of nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and iodide in 10 g/L sodium chloride using anion chromatography with UV detection.

Determination of sulfide and thiosulfate in a process water using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection after chemical suppression and conductivity detection.

Determination of sulfide in mining wastewater using anion chromatography with UV detection.

Determination of arsenite and arsenate in process water using ion-exclusion chromatography with UV detection.

Determination of aluminum in an acidic extract containing metals (e.g., alkali, alkaline earth, iron, chromium, molybdenum, etc.) using cation chromatography with UV detection after post-column reaction with Tiron.

Ion chromatography with PCR and UV/VIS detection provides a highly specific and sensitive method for bromate analysis, meeting EPA Method 317 and ISO 11206 requirements.

Chromate (Cr(VI)) or hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic. Its use is restricted. Chromate has to be analyzed in a large range of products starting with drinking water, wastewater (e.g., from leather production), over toys to RoHS-regulated substances. Besides ion chromatographic determination applying conductivity detection, the method described here is suitable especially for lower concentrations.

Seawater analysis with conductivity detection is difficult due to the high excess of chloride. Especially analyzing for nitrite and bromide, UV/VIS detection is preferred as chloride is not interfering with nitrite at 218 nm. This AN shows the determination of all three UV-absorbing anions in an artificial seawater.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is regarded as being toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Its concentration in drinking water should therefore be kept as low as possible. The determination of Cr(VI) is performed using ion chromatography. The separation takes place on the Metrosep A Supp 10 - 250/2.0 separation column. The presence of Cr(VI) is determined photometrically following post-column reaction (PCR) with diphenylcarbazide.

Ion chromatography trace analysis of anions in seawater is difficult, due to the high chloride concentrations. In contrast to chloride, nitrite, bromide and nitrate absorb UV radiation in the low wavelength range, thus enabling a UV detection of these three anions. This Application Note describes the separation on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 100/4.0 type with a sodium chloride eluent. This minimizes the influence of the surplus chloride and enables low detection limits.

Nitrite in tobacco facilitates the release of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Most of these nitrosamines are carcinogenic. Therefore, the determination of nitrite in tobacco is required. This application describes the determination of nitrite and nitrate in acetic acid extracts of tobacco. The ion chromatographic separation is followed by UV/VIS detection after sequential suppression.

Hexavalent chromium (chromate) in soil needs to be minimized as it acts cancerogenic. Chromate may be introduced to soil by applying fertilizers containing Cr(VI). Most of this chromate is reduced to Cr(III) by oxidizing organic matter. The remaining chromate is determined according to EN ISO 15192 by alkaline digestion followed by ion chromatography with post-column reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide and subsequent visible detection at 538 nm. Procedure B of EN 16318 applies the alkaline digestion and the same analytical procedure to fertilizers.

This Application Note demonstrates the analysis of Cr(VI) in drinking water samples using IC-PCR in accordance with the procedure outlined in Appendix C, Section C.4 of EN ISO 18724.

Uranium can be determined in drinking water by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Chloranilic acid is used as complexing agent.

Cd and Pb can be determined in seawater samples in the ng/L concentration range by anodic stripping voltammetry on a mercury film electrode (MFE).

Nickel and cobalt can be determined in seawater by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE.

NTA and EDTA can be determined as their bismuth complexes at the DME.

Cr(III) forms an electrochemically active complex with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), so does Cr(VI) after in situ reduction on the surface of the HMDE. Depending on the sample preparation procedure and the waiting time after the addition of the complexing agent, the different chromium species can be differentiated:Total active chromium [total concentration of Cr(VI) and free Cr(III)]:The measurement is carried out immediately after the addition of DTPA.; Cr(VI): Between the addition of DTPA and the start of the analysis a minimum waiting time of 30 min is necessary. During this waiting time the Cr(III)-DTPA complex becomes electrochemically inactive.; Cr(III): The difference between the total active Cr and Cr(VI).; Totalchromium: Determination of total active Cr after UV digestion.;

Zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper can be determined in wastewater samples after UV digestion by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) according to DIN 38406 part 16.

Total chromium can be determined in wastewater samples. UV digestion is necessary to remove interfering organic matter before the analysis. Complete oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) is guaranteed by an additional UV irradiation step at pH > 4.

Mercury can be determined in wastewater by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on a gold rotating disk electrode (Au RDE). After the addition of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, digestion is done by UV irradiation.

Determination of nickel and cobalt in wastewater samples through adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV). The wastewater samples first undergo a UV digestion in accordance with DIN 38406 Part 16.

Tin can be determined in wastewater by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in oxalate buffer after addition of methylene blue. Samples with organic substances have to undergo UV digestion before analysis. Samples with higher concentrations of metals can be diluted before digestion.

Thallium in wastewater is determined in acetate buffer in presence of EDTA by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Samples with organic substances have to undergo UV digestion before analysis.

Selenium is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Se(IV) is deposited on the surface of the mercury drop in sulfuric acid electrolyte under addition of copper ions as Cu xSe y.Wastewater samples containing organic contaminants have to be digested by UV irradiation before analysis. In addition, the sample has to undergo a second irradiation step at pH 7−9 to reduce Se(VI) to Se(IV), since only Se(IV) is electrochemically active.

Cr(VI) is determined by polarography at the SMDE in acetate solution containing ethylene diamine to mask interfering copper ions.Only Cr(VI) is electrochemically active. It is for that reason that all chromium compounds must be present before the analysis as CR(VI), which is guaranteed by UV radiation with a pH > 4.

The concentration of Fe(total) is determined in wastewater after UV digestion. The method is suitable for iron concentrations down to the low μg/L range. Stripping voltammetry is not applicable for this method. Fe(II) and Fe(III) generate signals with identical sensitivity.

The concentration of Fe(total) is determined in deionized water. The method is suitable for iron concentrations down to the mid µg/L range. Electrochemical deposition is not applicable for this method. A subtraction of the reagent blank is recommended. Fe(II) and Fe(III) give signals with the same sensitivity.

The concentration of Al is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at the HMDE. The method is suitable for Al in concentrations in the range of 0.1 ppb to approx. 40 ppb Al3+. Pb2+ ions do not interfere up to a concentration ratio Pb:Al = 10:1. Due to the slow complex formation of Al with solochrome violet RS the measuring solution was heated to 40 °C for 10 min prior to the determination. For standard addition a solution of Al with solochrome violet RS complex was used. All reagents have to be added in the order as listed below.

The concentration of Cu in seawater is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in acetate buffer on a mercury film electrode (MFE). Gallium is added to overcome zinc interferences.

Arsenic is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust in low concentrations. Elevated levels can be found in mineral deposits and ores. Arsenic from such deposits leaches into the groundwater in the form of arsenite (AsO33–) and arsenate (AsO43–), causing its contamination. In addition to the arsenic originating from natural sources, industry and agriculture contribute to the contamination to a lower extent. The guideline value for inorganic total arsenic in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 10 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of arsenic. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Arsenic is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust in low concentrations. Elevated levels can be found in mineral deposits and ores. Arsenic from such deposits leaches into the groundwater in the form of arsenite (AsO33–) and arsenate (AsO43–), causing its contamination. As(III) is more toxic than As(V) and shows higher mobility in the environment. The selective determination of this species is possible using the method described in this document.With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry allows speciation, i.e. the specific determination of As(III). While atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (and competing methods) can only determine the total element concentration, anodic stripping voltammetry is selective to the As(III) oxidation state. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Mercury and its compounds are toxic. The highest risk is posed by chronic poisoning with mercury compounds ingested with food. A significant part of the mercury present in the environment is of anthropogenic origin. Considerable sources are coal-fired power plants, steel, and nonferrous metal production, waste incineration plants, the chemical industry, or artisanal gold mining where the use of elemental mercury for the extraction of gold from the ore is still common. The guideline value for inorganic mercury in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 6 μg/L.With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Higher levels of copper in drinking water are usually caused by corrosive action of water leaching copper from copper pipes. While copper is an essential nutrient for the human organism, ingestion of higher concentrations have an adverse effect on human health. The current World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» recommend a maximum concentration of 2000 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of copper in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Lead is known to be highly toxic to humans as it interferes with enzyme reactions. Chronic lead poisoning can be caused by lead leaching into drinking water from piping systems. The current provisional guideline value in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» sets a maximum concentration of 10 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine lead in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on a silver film applied to the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Zinc is an essential trace element for humans. Excessive intake of zinc in higher concentrations can be harmful, however. There is no guideline value for zinc in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. Anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of zinc in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetric determinations can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using with 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. It can be present in drinking water as a result of water treatment or from corrosion in the water piping system. There is no guideline value for iron in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. However, there are national limit values in various countries. The European Union has set a guideline indicator value for iron of 200 μg/L. Voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of iron in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetric determinations can be done used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using the with 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out with adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) using 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Nickel is widely used in stainless steel production. At high enough concentrations, it is known to cause allergic reactions when in contact with skin. Drinking water may be contaminated by taps which are made from metals containing nickel. The guideline value for nickel in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 70 μg/L. National limit values of typically lower at e. g. 20 μg/L. Cobalt usually occurs associated with nickel and can be found in smaller concentrations besides nickel. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of nickel and cobalt in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, adsorptive stripping voltammetric determinations can be used in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on a bismuth film applied to the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Bismuth is considered as a metal with a very low toxicity. In high concentrations toxic effects have been described, however. There is no guideline value for bismuth in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. Anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of bismuth in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

To reduce the toxic effects of cadmium on the human body, as well as to limit the neurotoxic effects of lead, the provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to a maximum concentration of 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead. The completely mercury-free Bi drop electrode takes the next step towards converting voltammetric analysis into a non-toxic approach for heavy metal detection. Using this environmentally friendly sensor for anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) allows the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in drinking water. The outstanding sensitivity is more than sufficient to monitor the provisional WHO guideline values.

The presence of iron in drinking water can lead to an unpleasant taste, stains, or even growth of «iron bacteria» that can clog plumbing and cause an offensive odor. Over a longer period, the formation of insoluble iron deposits is problematic in many industrial and agricultural applications. To avoid these problems, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for water treatment and processing plants as 0.3 mg/L Fe in drinking water.The voltammetric determination of the iron triethanolamine complex on the non-toxic Bi drop electrode allows both the detection at very low levels (limit of detection of 0.005 mg/L) and measurements in a wide range of concentrations up to 0.5 mg/L.

The main sources of nickel pollution are electroplating, metallurgical operations, or leaching from pipes and fittings. Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries are major application fields for cobalt. In both cases, the metal is either released directly, or via the waste water-river pathway into the drinking water system. Therefore in the EU the legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for the Ni concentration in drinking water.The simultaneous and straightforward determination of nickel and cobalt is based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). The unique properties of the non-toxic Bi drop electrode combined with AdSV results in an excellent performance in terms of sensitivity.

Due to the toxicity and the detrimental effects of nickel and cobalt on human health, their concentrations in drinking water must be controlled. Therefore, EU the legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for nickel in drinking water. The current provisional guideline value for Ni in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to a maximum concentration of 70 µg/L. To monitor the concentrations of Ni and Co with the 884 Professional VA, a method for simultaneous determination on the glassy carbon electrode (GC-RDE) modified with a Bi film is used.

To reduce the toxic effects of cadmium on the kidneys, skeleton, and the respiratory system, as well as the neurotoxic effects of lead, the provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to a maximum concentration of 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead.The powerful anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode is more than sufficient to monitor the proposed WHO guidelines for Cd and Pb in drinking water.

No health-based guideline value exists for zinc. However, to maintain good quality municipal drinking water, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) set a maximum concentration of 5 mg/L as the limit value. Typical concentrations in surface and ground waters are between 10–40 μg/L Zn, with values up to 1 mg/L in tap water. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode provides a less complex alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for zinc determination in drinking water.

The guideline value for chromium in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is 50 µg/L. It should be noted here that chromium concentrations are often expressed as total chromium and not as chromium(III) or (VI). Chromium(VI) is responsible for changes in genetic material, and is found in significantly lower concentrations than Cr(III). Therefore an extremely sensitive method is required to monitor Cr(VI) in drinking water.The powerful adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode using DTPA as complexing agent can be used to determine such low concentrations.

Presence of thallium in surface water is an indicator of industrial effluents and poses a serious health hazard if imbibed. Monitoring of thallium concentration can easily be done with anodic stripping voltammetry on the silver film modified scTRACE Gold. This non-toxic method allows the determination of thallium concentrations between 10–250 µg/L and can be carried out with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

The toxicity of antimony depends on its oxidation state: antimony(III) is more toxic than antimony(V). Due to its carcinogenicity, EU legislation specifies 5 µg/L and the World Health Organization (WHO) sets a maximum concentration of 20 µg/L as the Sb(III) limit value in drinking water.Straightforward determination using anodic stripping voltammetry provides a fast (analysis time under 10 minutes) and an ultra-sensitive tool for monitoring the antimony(III) concentration in drinking water. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA, or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

The guideline value for total chromium in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is 50 µg/L. Chromium(VI) is more toxic than its trivalent form (Cr(III)) and is also less abundant. Therefore a robust and sensitive method is required to monitor its concentration in drinking water. The mercury film modified scTRACE Gold can be used to monitor chromium(VI), offering easy handling and a high grade of stability.

The provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead. The anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique performed on the ex-situ mercury film modified Metrohm DropSens screen-printed electrode (SPE) can be used to simultaneously detect concentrations as low as 0.3 µg/L for both elements. This is suitable to monitor the WHO guideline values. The main advantage of this method lies in the innovative and cost-effective screen-printed electrode.

EU legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for nickel in drinking water. The current provisional guideline value for Ni in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to a maximum concentration of 70 µg/L. The adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique performed on the ex-situ bismuth film modified Metrohm DropSens 11L screen-printed electrode (SPE) can be used to simultaneously detect concentrations as low as 0.4 µg/L for nickel and 0.2 µg/L for cobalt with a 30 s deposition time.The disposable, maintenance-free sensor can be used conventionally in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA, or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. This method is best suited for manual systems.

The difference between the toxic and essential levels of selenium to human health are very slight. Therefore, the current provisional guideline value for selenium(IV) in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» and in the European Drinking Water Directive is set to a maximum concentration of 10 µg/L.The anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) technique performed on the unmodified scTRACE Gold can be used to determine concentrations as low as 0.5 µg/L selenium with a 30 s deposition time. These limits can be lowered even further by increasing the deposition time. The linear range at 30 s deposition time ends at approximately 100 μg/L. The scTRACE Gold electrode does not need extensive maintenance such as mechanical polishing. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. This method is suited for manual or automated systems.

Tellurium is one of the elements recently identified as technologically critical for photovoltaic conversion, quantum dots, as well as in thermoelectric technology, and has the potential to become a new emergent contaminant. Until now there is no guideline value in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» and in the European Drinking Water Directive for tellurium(IV) concentration in drinking water.To monitor the tellurium(IV) levels in drinking water, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) performed on the unmodified scTRACE Gold is recommended. This method allows determination of tellurium(IV) in the concentration range between 1 µg/L and 60 µg/L when using a 90 s deposition time. The scTRACE Gold electrode does not need extensive maintenance such as mechanical polishing. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

This article describes the coupling of ion chromatography with mass spectrometry (IC-MS) and plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP/MS) for the trace analysis of potentially hazardous compounds in the environment.

This article describes the investigation using ion chromatography and subsequent inductively coupled plasma mass spectronomy (ICP/MS) to determine the extent to which the iron(III) flocculation carried out in the context of wastewater treatment releases toxic gadolinium(III) ions as the result of recomplexing.

The rapid growth of the Earth's population has led to massive increases in the consumption of energy and resources and in the production of consumer products and chemicals. It is estimated that 17 million chemical compounds are currently on the market, of which 100,000 are produced on a large industrial scale. Many of these enter the environment. This leads to a demand for sensitive analytical procedures and high-performance analytical instruments.pH value, conductivity and oxygen requirement are important characteristics in water and soil analysis. The first two of these can be determined rapidly; for the third, the titration that is used is also the one used in numerous single determinations. This article describes several important standard-compliant determinations in water and soil analysis.

On the basis of the experiments that have been performed, it is possible to determine the effectiveness of the ozonization of iodized X-ray contrast media using IC-ICP-MS via the amount of iodate formed. Whereas a 120-minute ozonization guarantees a practically quantitative decomposition of amidotrizoic acid to iodate, approximately 16% of the Iomeprol is still present under the same ozonization conditions. Given that only 14% is present in iodate form in the absence of iodide anions and given that additional, not yet identified peaks occur in the ion chromatogram, the presence of additional decomposition products containing iodine must be assumed. Nonetheless, it is not possible to detect the intact iodized X-ray contrast media with the selected ion chromatographic conditions. Furthermore, the possibility exists of identifying the peak of the unknown decomposition product of the Iomeprol using IC-ESI-TOF-MS.

This article describes the composition of atmospheric inorganic gases and aerosols in the Southeast and Northwest of the United States during a time period of several weeks. The semicontinuous sampling in hourly cycles takes place using the MARGA system from Metrohm Applikon. The temporal resolution of the aerosol and gas composition makes it possible to generate statements regarding the chemical origin and hygroscopicity of the particles. These are fundamental for rating the influence of aerosols on the climate.

Chromate is allergenic, carcinogenic and extremely toxic. It is therefore subject to strict monitoring. It is present in different concentrations in drinking water, toys, textiles, leather and many other materials. Metrohm has developed various methods for ion chromatographic determination of chromium(VI) which, thanks to Inline Sample Preparation, are suitable for a variety of matrices and concentration ranges – from ng/L to mg/L.

This article describes a simple and sensitive method for chromium(VI) determination in children's toys. The solution to be analyzed is prepared in accordance with DIN EN 71. Not only VIS detection but also post-column derivatization using diphenylcarbizide are parts of this method. The procedure described here is suitable for the precise determination of hexavalent chromium in the single-digit ppt range and, in addition, fulfils without difficulty the limit value of 10 ppt prescribed by the EU directive 2009/48/EC.

This Metrohm White Paper presents the important role of electrochemistry in the environmental sciences. The applications have to do with basic research for the fuel cell that yields energy from wastewater, the electrical clean-up of contaminated soil and electrochemical CO2 reduction of greenhouse gases for isolating chemical raw materials.

The coupling of ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) leads to a high-performance measurement system that masters several particularly challenging analyses. It enables for example reliable determination of element compositions, oxidation states and chemical bonds. This information is used, for example, for assessing the toxicity of medications, environmental and water samples as well as foods and beverages.

Brad Meadows is Vice President and Lab Director at the US company BSK Labs, which runs a number of environmental laboratories and service centers. Brad is an analytical chemist and has been working in the management of analysis laboratories for 15 years. He shared his experiences with Metrohm ion chromatography with us in the form of some concrete facts and figures.

Heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury find their way into the ground water in many regions of the world, either through natural processes or as the result of human activities. Limit values are exceeded many times over, particularly for arsenic in drinking water, in many areas. This calls for a rigorous monitoring of water quality. The present whitepaper focuses on field determinations of arsenic, mercury, and copper – directly at the sampling site.

The analytical challenges of environmental analysis increase in difficulty from year to year. As well as analysis of particularly toxic types of metals such as chromium(VI), highly diverse and partially persistent organic fluorine compounds (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid) are presently in focus. The analysis of toxic oxohalides such as bromate and perchlorate is also a current subject of investigation.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ion Chromatography (IC) are commonly used in the pharma, food, and environmental sectors to analyze samples for specific components and to verify compliance with norms and standards. However, users of HPLC may run into the limitations of this technique, e.g., when analyzing standard anions or certain pharmaceutical impurities. This white paper outlines how such challenges can be overcome with IC.

«Dissolved oxygen» describes the amount of oxygen molecules (O2) which are dissolved in a liquid phase under certain conditions. In this white paper, two different methods for the analysis of dissolved oxygen, titration and direct measurement, are compared and contrasted to help analysts determine which method is more suitable for their specific applications. Here, we primarily focus on the determination of dissolved O2 in water. However, the same principle applies for other liquid phases such as non-alcoholic or alcoholic beverages.

Agriculture at significant scale without fertilizers is no longer possible in the modern world. To grow a sufficient amount of produce for nearly 8 billion people as well as for domesticated animals and industrial uses, fertilizers of different nutrient compositions are available to cater to the unique needs of various soil types. Information on the fertilizer’s composition (e.g., total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) is available to help select the ideal fertilizer for a specific soil. Conventionally these constituents are determined either gravimetrically (e.g., phosphorus, potassium, or sulfate) or with ICP-OES (e.g., phosphorus or potassium). These methods either have the disadvantages of long analysis times combined with laborious sample preparation (gravimetry), or require expensive instrumentation with high running costs (ICP-OES). This White Paper elaborates how thermometric titration is a fast and inexpensive alternative method to provide information on the content of various nutrients in different fertilizers.

Ion measurement can be conducted in several different ways, e.g., ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), or atom absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Each of these are well-established, widely used methods in analytical laboratories. However, the initial costs are relatively high. In contrast, ion measurement by the use of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) is a promising alternative to these costly techniques. This White Paper explains the challenges which may be encountered when applying standard addition or direct measurement, and how to overcome them in order for analysts to gain more confidence with this type of analysis.

Ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is a powerful tool that can handle many challenging analytical tasks which cannot be performed adequately by IC alone. IC-MS is a robust, sensitive, and selective technique used for the determination of polar contaminants like inorganic anions, organic acids, haloacetic acids, oxyhalides, or alkali and alkaline earth metals. After separation of the sample components via IC, mass selective detection guarantees peak identity with low detection limits. The inclusion of automated Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation (MISP) allows not only water samples, but also chemicals, organic solvents, or post-explosion residues to be readily analyzed without need for extensive manual laboratory work. This White Paper explains the benefits of IC-MS over IC in certain cases, the hyphenation of IC and different MS systems, as well as related norms and standards.

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are commonly produced as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from water treatment processes. Some HAAs are regulated by the authorities and have been classified as potentially carcinogenic. They have traditionally been analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), a technique that requires time-consuming sample extraction and derivatization, leading to higher costs per analysis. Ion chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (e.g., single or triple quadrupole MS systems) is a powerful tool that can handle many challenging analytical tasks such as measuring μg/L levels of HAAs in potable water samples. This White Paper explains the benefits of using this hyphenated technique for the accurate measurement of HAAs in potable water.

Learn about PFAS, their impact on water quality, EU Directive 2020/2184, and the benefits of AOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC).

Monitor adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in water using combustion ion chromatography (CIC) for precise analysis of AOCl, AOBr, AOI, and total AOX.

This white paper presents IC-MS as powerful analysis technique. This multiparameter method determines various analytes such as inorganic cations and amines in one run.

This White Paper focuses on selected IC-MS applications for the straightforward identification and quantification of organic acids and inorganic anions in different matrices.

This White Paper presents four different «green» sensors: the scTRACE Gold, screen-printed electrodes, the glassy carbon electrode, and the Bi drop electrode from Metrohm that can be used to determine low concentrations of heavy metals in different sample matrices, such as boiler feed water, drinking water, and sea water.

The ASTM D8192 standard allows analysts to determine water hardness in different water matrices by complexometry with automated photometric endpoint recognition, increasing the reproducibility and the precision of the results.

This White Paper gives an overview of the energy-intensive nitrification process that converts ammonia into less harmful nitrogen compounds at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It displays the results from a field test at a WWTP, showcasing the positive influence of single-method process analyzers on the efficiency of the nitrification process.

Free White Paper outlines the fundamental principles of the nitrogen reduction reaction. It then delves into the technical barriers hindering the industrialization of green ammonia production, their impact on final yield and selectivity, and potential strategies or research gaps to overcome these issues.

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