Aplikasi

Edible oils are not only a major source of nutrition but also a key basic material in the food industry. Vegetable oils are increasingly important because of their high content in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with animal fats. In this application note, the main ingredients of olive oil, camellia oil, arachis oil, sunflower seed oil, and colza oil are analyzed using a portable Raman spectrometer combined with chemometrics software.

Botanicals are derived from plant materials and used for their medicinal and therapeutic properties in the nutraceuticals market. They are not as heavily regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) like the pharmaceuticals drug market, but they are required to follow Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP Requirements).The NanoRam®-1064 is an asset for pharmaceutical identity testing, minimizing fluorescence generated by typical handheld Raman systems with 785 nm lasers. As such, the NanoRam®-1064 is used here to identify botanicals that would normally fluoresce with a 785 nm laser.

Although the process of building, validating and using a method is well-defined through software, the robustness of the method is dependent on proper practice of sampling, validation, and method maintenance. In this document, we will detail the recommended practices for using the multivariate method with NanoRam-1064. These practices are recommended for end users who are in the pharmaceutical environment, and can expand to other industries as well. This document aims to serve as a general reference for NanoRam-1064 users who would like to build an SOP for method development, validation and implementation.

This Application Bulletin gives an overview of the volumetric water content determination according to Karl Fischer. Amongst others, it describes the handling of electrodes, samples, and water standards. The described procedures and parameters comply with the ASTM E203.

This Application Bulletin gives an overview of the coulometric water content determination according to Karl Fischer.Amongst others, it describes the handling of electrodes, samples, and water standards. The described procedures and parameters comply with the ASTM E1064.

This document outlines Rancimat testing for both liquid and solid food samples, including direct and PEG methods, for oxidation stability QC in the food industry.

The titrimetric determination of nonionic surfactants on the basis of polyoxyethylene adducts (POE adducts) is described in the Bulletin. The basis for the determination is the transfer of the nonionic surfactant into a pseudo-cation compound and its precipitation titration with sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB). The NIO electrode is used for the indication of the potentiometric titration. This Bulletin describes determinations in raw products, formulations and wastewater and draws attention to special features, possibilities, limits and disruptions.

Anionic surfactants can be titrated with cationic surfactants and vice-versa. The Bulletin describes a multitude of substances that can be determined in this fashion and specifies the respective working conditions and parameters. In contrast to the classic two-phase titration in accordance with Epton, the titration with the anionic and cationic surfactants electrodes can be performed without chloroform. Furthermore, the equivalence point of the titration is difficult to determine in some cases with the Epton method and the titration cannot be automated.In many cases, a surfactant ISE is a remedy that is both environmentally friendly and suitable here. It was developed specially for application with potentiometrically indicated surfactant determinations.

The two potentiometric titration methods described here allow the determination of the content of commercial betaine solutions. Neither method is suitable for determining the betaine content of formulations. The possibilities and limits of both methods are described and distinctive features and possible sources of interference are mentioned. The Bulletin explains the most important theoretical principles and is intended to help users to develop their own product-specific titration methods.

The present Bulletin offers an overview of the multitude of surfactants and pharmaceuticals that can be determined with potentiometric titration. Metrohm provides five different surfactant electrodes for indicating the titration endpoint: the Ionic Surfactant, the High Sense, the Surfactrode Resistant, the Surfactrode Refill and the NIO Surfactant electrode. The manufacture of the respective titrants and their titer determination are described in detail. In addition to this, the Bulletin contains a tabular overview of more than 170 proven applications from the area of surfactant and pharmaceutical analysis. This guideline leads you reliably to your destination: At a glance you can see from the table which surfactant electrode and which titrant are optimally suitable for your product.

On the basis of a multitude of practical examples, this Bulletin describes the potentiometric two-phase titration of ionic surfactants in raw materials and many other formulations.Two surfactant electrodes – the Surfactrode Resistant and the Surfactrode Refill – make it possible to perform this type of surfactant titration, analogous to the classic "Epton titration", with a high degree of automation. The achieved results correlate very well with those of Epton titration. The toxic, carcinogenic and environmentally hazardous chloroform can be replaced by other solvents such as methyl iosbutyl ketone or n-hexane.

Palm oil is a vegetable oil that is used not only in the food industry but also for the manufacture of soaps and body care products. It is furthermore an important raw material for the generation of biodiesel. Depending on the degree of refinement, palm oil can be red, reddish or even colorless in appearance. The carotenes responsible for the color are removed during refinement and the oil becomes increasingly clear. In this Note, the chlorine and sulfur content of various palm oils are determined using Combustion IC.Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

The water content of moisturising creams is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of their high water content, the samples are first mixed and prediluted with dry methanol.

The water content of bismuth subnitrate is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The determination of the water content of soft contact lenses using NIR spectroscopy is described in this Application. A liquid sample kit with gold diffuse reflector was used for measuring the lenses in transflexion mode. A PLS model was developed for predicting the water content.

This Application Note shows how, with the help of Vis-NIR spectroscopy and a special plant library, 46 different medicinal and aromatic plants, e.g., Organicum majoricum and Tilia cordata, can be conveniently identified on the basis of their spectrum. In comparison with alternative methods for the determination of plants, which are elaborate and require experienced scientists for their performance, the Vis-NIR method permits rapid and uncomplicated identification.

Determination of key quality parameters of palm oil, namely free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV), moisture content, deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), and carotene require the use of several different analytical methods, which are laborious and can lack in accuracy. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the determination of these quality control parameters in palm oil. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of palm oil in less than a minute and can be used by anyone.

Vis-NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the droplet morphology in hair conditioner. This Application Note shows that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between unprocessed and processed hair conditioner and to qualify quality parameters such as the droplet size.

Visible Near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a valuable chemical analysis tool that can be used to determine quality parameters of hair creams. A qualitative method was developed in order to allow a fast out-of-spec analyses of an active antibacterial ingredient.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of hair spray samples. A model for an active ingredient within hair sprays was developed, enabling fast and reliable out-of-specification analyses.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of aqueous xanthan gum solutions. Quantitative models for the determination of optical density, glucose, and xanthan gum were developed, enabling fast and reliable quality control.

Determination of sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), cocamidopropyl betaine (CABP), cocamidopropylamine oxide (CAW), cocamide diethanolamine (DEA), and carbopol in shampoo is a cost- and time-intensive process due to the use of large volumes of chemicals per analysis. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination these parameters in shampoo. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the complete analysis in less than a minute.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used for quality control of skin creams. A model for the quantification of the water content was developed based on Karl Fischer titration (KF), enabling fast and reliable atline analysis and final product quality control.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a linear polymer, used in a variety of medical products (e.g. eye drops). Here, the degree of alcoholysis is an important index for the water solubility, viscosity, and adhesion of the product. The degree of alcoholysis is defined as the percentage of hydroxyl functional groups compared to the total functional groups accessible in the molecule. Conventional alcoholysis determination can take up to six hours per sample. Compared to the primary method, analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) only takes one minute. The following application note describes the determination of the degree of alcoholysis by NIRS.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quickly assesses key quality parameters in palm oil such as iodine value and fatty acid profile without sample preparation.

Determination of glycolic acid and monochloroacetic acid in cocoamidopropyl betaine using ion-exclusion chromatography with direct conductometric detection.

Evidence of maleic acid in Asian foodstuffs led to the recall of many starchy foods because long-term consumption of maleic acid can cause kidney problems. Cyclic kojic acid is however approved in Asia, both as a bleaching additive in foodstuffs and as a preservative in cosmetics. This Note describes their simultaneous determination in a single analysis.

Using the Rancimat method, the oxidation stability of suntan oil can be determined reproducibly and reliably.

Wax has theoretically an unlimited shelf life, however many additives (flavor, softener, etc.) can affect it negatively. Since both synthetic and natural waxes are used in various products, such as cosmetics and foods, expiry dates have to be specified. The oxidation stability can give an approximate indication for the shelf life. A reproducible and accurate determination of the oxidation stability using the 892 Professional Rancimat can be realized.

Lipsticks and lip balms consist mainly of natural oils such as seed oils, palm oils or coconut oils. Many manufacturers additionally enhance their product with various vegetable fats, oils and wax. The purpose of these additives is to increase the perceived quality of the products. However, some of these oils and fats are capable to oxidize by autoxidation over time which affects the shelf life and therefore the quality of the products negatively. A reproducible and accurate determination of the oxidation stability using the 892 Professional Rancimat can be realized.Find the method explained in the Metrohm LabCast video at https://youtu.be/xdOmyeyc7Cs

The oxidation stability is an important factor for the quality of cosmetics. It also provides information about the long-term and storage stability of the product. Most cosmetic formulations cannot be measured directly with the Rancimat as no evaluable induction time is obtained. There are many reasons for this, for example a high water content, a too low fat content or various matrix effects. However, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as carrier material, many of these samples can be directly and reproducibly measured without sample preparation. This is due to the antioxidants that are naturally present in the sample matrix, and which stabilize the induction time of the PEG. The induction time can therefore be directly related to the oxidation stability of the sample.In addition, this method eliminates a costly sample preparation. A reproducible and accurate determination of the oxidation stability using the 892 Professional Rancimat can be realized. In this Application Notes the oxidation stability of body care cream, moisturizer, body milk, body lotion, and toothpaste is determined in this way. More information on the Rancimat method can be found on the Metrohm website.

Determining the oxidation stability of raw materials for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.

Determination of the identity and purity of ingredients is essential for the product quality of functional foods (neutraceuticals) and cosmetics. It prevents the utilization of inferior substances in the production process and thus avoids expensive delays and out-of-spec products. This Application Note describes the identification and checking of fatty acids in functional foods and cosmetics using the Metrohm Instant Raman Analyzer MIRA P.

Determination of phosphate and sulfate in a cleaning solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Whitening toothpaste often contains polyphosphates to remove stains. The analysis of these polyphosphates requires a high-pH hydroxide eluent. The high eluent concentration is suppressed by the high-capacity suppressor MSM-HC.

The hydroxyl number (HN) is an important sum parameter for quantifying the presence of hydroxyl groups in chemicals. As a key quality parameter, it is determined in various substances. For pharmaceutical samples, USP chapter <401> and Ph. Eur. Chapter 2.5.3 describe the determination. However these methods either use toxic pyridine and require refluxing or have long reaction times.In this Application Note, an alternative method according to ASTM E1899 is presented. This method is pyridine-free and does not require refluxing or long reaction times. The determination is performed at room temperature with only a small sample size. The analysis including all preparation steps is performed with a fully automatic OMNIS system. This allows parallel analysis of multiple samples, increasing productivity in the laboratory by 50%.

Alkyl glycosides, alkyl maltosides and compounds with polyoxyethylene groups (POE) are numbered among the nonionic surfactants. These surfactants can be analyzed by standard titration with TEGO®trant following derivatization – in this case following sulfonation.

Mannitol content determination is an important aspect of quality control in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Selective oxidative cleavage can be used to quantify the amount of 1,2-diol groups in the analyte. Determining the 1,2-diol content by iodometric titration can be fully automated for the most accurate results using an automated titrator and the dPt Titrode from Metrohm.

Accurate, reliable determination of ionic surfactants with the Epton two-phase titration method can be achieved using an OMNIS system as shown in this study.

The standardization of the cationic surfactant TEGOtrant is performed using potentiometric titration as well as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in this application.

Rancidity of oils and fats is a factor which can immediately reduce the sale price of these products to customers in the food and cosmetics industries. Oils which remain stable over longer periods of time are more highly valued as they lead to a higher quality end product. Rancidity is a natural process which occurs as fats and oils age and oxidize, and can be delayed or even stopped by addition of antioxidants at the right time.Determination of rancidity is possible in several ways (e.g., measuring the acid number or peroxide value), though these tests only give information about the current state of the product, with no indication about the remaining shelf life. One analytical method that can measure this time span until spoilage is the Rancimat method, which artificially ages the samples to determine whether antioxidants may be needed to help manufacturers get the full value from their oils.

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