Aplicações

This poster describes a simple and sensitive method for the determination of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water samples by suppressed conductivity detection. Separation was achieved by isocratic elution on a reversed-phase column thermostated at 35 °C using an aqueous mobile phase containing boric acid and acetonitrile. The PFOA and PFOS content in the water matrix was quantified by direct injection applying a 1000 μL loop. For the concentration range of 2 to 50 μg/mL and 10 to 250 μg/mL, the linear calibration curve for PFOA and PFOS yielded correlation coefficients (R) of 0.99990 and 0.9991, respectively. The relative standard deviations were smaller than 5.8%.The presence of high concentrations of mono and divalent anions such as chloride and sulfate has no significant influence on the determination of the perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). In contrast, the presence of divalent cations, such as calcium and magnesium, which are normally present in water matrices, impairs PFOS recovery. This drawback was overcome by applying Metrohm`s Inline Cation Removal. While the interfering divalent cations are exchanged for non-interfering sodium cations, PFOA and PFOS are directly transferred to the sample loop. After inline cation removal, PFAS recovery in water samples containing 350 mg/mL of Ca2+ and Mg2+ improved from 90…115% to 93…107%.While PFAS determination of low salt-containing water samples is best performed by straightforward direct-injection IC, water rich in alkaline-earth metals are best analyzed using Metrohm`s Inline Cation Removal.

Determinação de cloreto e sulfato (não quantificado) em uma amostra de óleo de alta viscosidade usando digestão por combustão e subsequente cromatografia aniônica com detecção de condutividade após supressão sequencial. Palavra-chave: pirohidrólise

Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide and sulfate in residual solvent using combustion digestion as sample preparation and subsequent anion chromatography with conductivity detection following sequential suppression. The analysis is significant for use in dividing waste products into non-halogenated and halogenated solvents. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

The determination of halogens and sulfur in waste products is important. The inline combination of the Mitsubishi Combustion Module with the Metrohm IC is a suitable method for this type of samples. The recovery rates are analyzed with a certified reference material, e.g., a low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

Luvas de látex são usadas em ambientes de salas limpas para evitar contaminações. O uso de luvas que liberem halogenetos ou sulfatos corrosivos é proibido em usinas nucleares. O teor total de halogênio e enxofre é determinado por meio de cromatografia de íons de combustão. Um teste de eluato é realizado para verificar a porcentagem eluível de halogênios e sulfato das luvas. A preparação da amostra é composta de pré-concentração e eliminação da matriz (MiPCT-ME), conforme descrito em AN-S-304. Palavra-chave: pirohidrólise

The iodine content in numerous iodized X-ray contrast media (ICM) is around 50% and is determined with great accuracy using Combustion Ion Chromatography. Large quantities of H2O2 (1,000 mg/L) are required for complete absorption of the iodine. Similarly, the concentration of the internal standard should be 50 mg/L. The water content of the X-ray contrast media is determined by means of Metrohm's Karl Fischer oven method and incorporated in the final calculation. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

Combustion Ion Chromatography combines pro-hydrolytic sample combustion and the absorption of emerging combustion gases in an oxidizing, aqueous solution that is then channeled to an ion chromatograph for the analysis of halogenides and sulfur (as sulfate). The combustion and analysis of the certified reference materials (ZRM) makes clear the reliability of Metrohm Combustion Ion Chromatography. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

This application describes the determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide and sulfur (as sulfate) in an ethanol standard solution with halo organic (4-halogen benzoic acids; F, Cl and Br) and sulfur organic compounds (3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid) by means of Metrohm Combustion Ion Chromatography with flame sensor and Inline Matrix Elimination. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

O poliisobuteno (PIB) é uma matéria-prima importante para uma grande variedade de produtos. O controle de qualidade requer a determinação do teor de flúor. Essa tarefa é facilmente realizada pelo Metrohm Combustion IC aplicando tecnologia de sensor de chama e Eliminação de Matriz em Linha. Palavra-chave: pirohidrólise

Cyclohexane is an important organic solvent. Recycled cyclohexane must be tested for trace substances, e.g., chloride and sulfate. Metrohm Combustion Ion Chromatography with flame sensor and Inline Matrix Elimination is the method of choice. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) requires to reduce the halogen content in several organic materials used in electrical and electronic equipment. In this context, there is a huge interest for using halogen-free polymers. To check for halogens in polymers according to standard IEC 60754, Metrohm Combustion IC applying flame sensor technology and Inline Matrix Elimination is an indispensable method. The examined polymeric material contains halogens at a level of up to 1%.

The manufacture of ultrapure water for the pharmaceuticals industry or the semiconductor industry requires high-quality ion exchangers. Metrohm Combustion Ion Chromatography is an indispensable tool in this connection for testing the purity of anion exchange material. The output sample was wet and had to be dried at 105 °C in a special oven with waste air evacuation. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

A argila é usada para a fabricação de telhas. Os controles de qualidade durante esse processo exigem a determinação do teor de halogênio e enxofre. Isso é idealmente realizado usando o circuito integrado de combustão Metrohm. Com este método, o enxofre é determinado como sulfato e os halogênios como halogenetos. Como a argila geralmente contém altos teores de íons de metais alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos que atacam o tubo de pirólise, o óxido de tungstênio é adicionado antes da combustão. Palavra-chave: pirohidrólise

This Application Note looks at the determination of fluorine and sulfur in certified liquefied gas using Metrohm Combustion IC. Sequential determinations proceed in parallel to a certain extent: While the absorption solution of a sample that has already been combusted is being analyzed with IC, the combustion of the next sample is already underway. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

Paraffin and lubricating oils are yielded from the wax fraction of raw oil distillation. The chloride content of both should be low. This Application Note describes chloride determination after inline combustion. Although it does not happen in this application, this method can also be used to quantify the sulfur content. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

The EU directive for limiting the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic devices and IEC 61249-2-21 define limit values for halogen contents in materials that are used in electronics. Metrohm Combustion IC with ion chromatography determination permits precise, rapid and automated halogen determination in raw materials that are used in printed circuit boards according to IEC 61189-2. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

A queima de carvão contamina a atmosfera com halogênios. Flúor e cloro são componentes naturais do carvão, enquanto o brometo encontrado neles é frequentemente adulterado como brometo de cálcio para reduzir as emissões de mercúrio. Esta Nota de Aplicação mostra os resultados da digestão por combustão com o Combustion IC para três amostras de carvão, cada uma com um teor de brometo diferente. Palavra-chave: pirohidrólise

This Note addresses the determination of the fluorine and chlorine content of a liquefied gas sample (LPG, Liquid Petroleum Gas), i.e. halogens in a mixture of propane and butane. Fluorine originates from perfluorobutane and chlorine from methyl chloride. LPG/GSS modules are used to introduce 50 µL of sample into the combustion system. The halogens released during combustion are determined using ion chromatography with intelligent partial loop injection technique following Inline Matrix Elimination. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

Palm oil is a vegetable oil that is used not only in the food industry but also for the manufacture of soaps and body care products. It is furthermore an important raw material for the generation of biodiesel. Depending on the degree of refinement, palm oil can be red, reddish or even colorless in appearance. The carotenes responsible for the color are removed during refinement and the oil becomes increasingly clear. In this Note, the chlorine and sulfur content of various palm oils are determined using Combustion IC. Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

O carvão contém uma certa quantidade de compostos de flúor, cloro e enxofre. Durante a combustão do carvão, esses componentes liberam ácidos corrosivos (por exemplo, compostos de flúor formam ácido fluorídrico). As usinas termelétricas, portanto, requerem carvão com baixo teor de flúor para evitar a produção maciça de ácido fluorídrico. Nesta nota de aplicação, o teor de flúor no carvão é determinado por cromatografia iônica após piroidrólise.

Halobutyl rubber is frequently used in the production of pharmaceutical stoppers. It is ideal for this application due to its low permeability to gases and its chemical resistance. Chlorinated and brominated butyl rubber stoppers are analyzed for their halogen and sulfur content. Halogen and sulfur compounds are released by pyrohydrolysis and analyzed by subsequent ion chromatography (IC).

Polymer materials that are used for building and decoration purposes need to be flame resistant. To reach the required level of resistance flame-retardants are added to the plain polymer. Flame-retardants are often haloorganic compounds. The use of such components and the respective concentration of introduced halogens can be determined by Combustion IC. The recovery over the full system is tested with a certified reference material (CRM).

O minério de ferro é um recurso importante para a produção de aço. Seu conteúdo natural de halogênios é uma característica de qualidade devido à corrosividade dos respectivos halogenetos. O CI de combustão que aplica a tecnologia de frasco de sacrifício é usado para a análise de flúor e cloro no minério. OS3 geralmente é adicionado para melhorar a liberação de SO2 e, portanto, recuperação de enxofre. Nesta aplicação, também melhora significativamente a recuperação de flúor.

In textiles, the water-repelling effect may be introduced by different treatments, such as the application of fluorochemicals. These compounds, especially perfluoroorganic substances, are extremely persistent in the environment and are therefore listed as emergent contaminants. Combustion IC with pyrohydrolysis and subsequent ion chromatographic determination is applied to analyze the fluorine content in fabrics.

As folhas de éster de celulose são produzidas usando solventes clorados. A quantidade residual do solvente usado na produção evapora em poucos dias em condições ambientais. O solvente residual é determinado pela combustão IC, através da conversão de cloro organicamente ligado em cloreto por piroidrólise. O produto final precisa estar livre de solventes clorados. Portanto, conteúdos críticos de tais compostos podem ser detectados na análise de controle de qualidade. A aplicação do MiPT neste estudo permitiu uma calibração automatizada e precisa a partir de um único padrão.

Substâncias alquílicas per e polifluoradas (PFASs) são milhares de moléculas orgânicas nas quais todos os átomos de hidrogênio em pelo menos um carbono são substituídos por flúor. Os PFASs são amplamente utilizados em diferentes indústrias, por exemplo, como surfactantes para espumas formadoras de filme ou como agentes de impregnação para embalagens. Devido à sua extrema persistência, eles são chamados de «produtos químicos eternos», pois compostos de cadeia mais longa se acumulam no ambiente e se biomagnificam.

Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) measures AOX (adsorbable organically bound halogens, i.e., AOCl, AOBr, AOI) and AOF as well as CIC AOX(Cl) according to DIN 38409-59 and ISO 18127.

Organic halides must be monitored in the environment. Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) is used for accurate halogen analysis in solids following EN 17813:2023.

The new DIN draft standard 38407-53 outlines TFA analysis in water using direct injection LC-MS/MS, enabling quantification from 0.1–3.0 μg/L as shown in this Application Note.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can be used for the quantification of five effective insecticide and herbicide components (Abamectin emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emamectin EC, Cyhalothrin EC, Cypermethrin and Glyphosate) in pesticides. Vis-NIRS is an excellent alternative to conventional lab methods, saving both cost and time.

This Application Note describes the rapid and non-destructive identification of conventional organic solvents using hand-held Raman spectrometers. Measurements with the handheld Raman spectrometer Mira M-1 require no sample preparation and provide immediate and unambiguous results.

Efficiently analyze food products with ion chromatography (IC). Discover its robust applications in quality control for beverages, food additives, and dairy.

On the basis of the experiments that have been performed, it is possible to determine the effectiveness of the ozonization of iodized X-ray contrast media using IC-ICP-MS via the amount of iodate formed. Whereas a 120-minute ozonization guarantees a practically quantitative decomposition of amidotrizoic acid to iodate, approximately 16% of the Iomeprol is still present under the same ozonization conditions. Given that only 14% is present in iodate form in the absence of iodide anions and given that additional, not yet identified peaks occur in the ion chromatogram, the presence of additional decomposition products containing iodine must be assumed. Nonetheless, it is not possible to detect the intact iodized X-ray contrast media with the selected ion chromatographic conditions. Furthermore, the possibility exists of identifying the peak of the unknown decomposition product of the Iomeprol using IC-ESI-TOF-MS.

Learn about PFAS, their impact on water quality, EU Directive 2020/2184, and the benefits of AOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC).

Monitor adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in water using combustion ion chromatography (CIC) for precise analysis of AOCl, AOBr, AOI, and total AOX.