Uygulamalar

An ion chromatography (IC) assay with suppressed conductivity detection is the standardized way to accurately quantify phosphate in phosphates compounded injections.

Phosphate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Mg2+ as titrant. The phosphate-containing solution is basified and buffered with NH3/NH4Cl solution before titration. The formation of insoluble MgNH4PO4 is exothermic. The method is a titrimetric adaptation of a classical gravimetric procedure. This bulletin deals with the determination of phosphate in phosphoric acid and granular fertilizers such as MAP (monoammonium phosphate), DAP (diammonium phosphate) and TSP (triple superphosphate). Results are reported as percentage of P and P2O5.

Cola drinks (also known as soft drinks) contain a high amount of phosphoric acid. Quality control of these beverages includes determining the phosphate content. Phosphate analysis also indicates the dilution factor of the phosphate concentrate during cola processing. Achieving proper dilution of the concentrates is in the best interest of soft drink producers and bottling companies to ensure the highest quality beverages are made for consumers.

Determination of soluble orthophosphate ions, for example soluble phosphate in fertilizers such as DAP.

Phosphorus is a primary macronutrient for plants and is a constituent of DNA and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is involved in many biological processes requiring energy. In fertilizers, phosphorus is present in the form of phosphate, as the most accessible form of phosphorus for plants is dihydrogen phosphate. Knowledge of the phosphorus content helps to select the right fertilizer for the plants.Traditionally, phosphate is determined gravimetrically (a time consuming procedure) or spectrophotometrically (expensive instrumentation). In this Application Note, an alternative method is presented, where phosphate is determined by a precipitation titration with magnesium. Various solid and liquid NPK fertilizers with phosphorus contents between 6.5 and 17% were analyzed. The analysis by thermometric titration requires no sample preparation in case of liquid NPK fertilizers and only minimal sample preparation in case of solid NPK fertilizers. One determination takes about 5 minutes.

Metrohm’s MIRA XTR handheld Raman spectrometer enables fast, reagent-free identification of phosphate species, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic systems.

Separation of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, phosphite, sulfate, and tetrafluoroborate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrate and phosphate in a liquid fertilizer using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Raman spectroscopy with PLS modeling enables rapid, accurate, nondestructive quantification of the total phosphate content in solution with minimal sample preparation.

Pamidronate is applied to treat osteoporosis by strengthening the bones. It is a bisphosphonate containing a primary amine group. Phosphite and phosphate are related compounds, which need to be quantified. USP requires the use of formic acid eluent with refractive index detection. But a standard IC procedure offers an alternative with better sensitivity. Phosphite and phosphate are analyzed with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of phosphate and tetrafluoroborate in 2% HF using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Raman spectroscopy is a fast alternative method to detect phosphate and sulfate species in solution for optimized phosphorus fertilizer production and improved product quality.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of total phosphate in wastewater after digestion with peroxodisulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and sulfate in a cleaning solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfate, phosphate, citrate, pyrophosphate, trimetaphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in a washing powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate content in an acid etching bath.

Determination of acetate, phosphate, chloride, and citrate in an infusion solution using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of acetate, chloride, and phosphate in an infusion solution by potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide after conversion of the anions to the corresponding acids.

Determination of acetate, chloride, phosphate, and succinate in an infusion solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, monofluorophosphate, and sulfate in toothpaste using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and citrate in beverages using anion chromatography with a high-pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate in plant leaf extracts using anion chromatography with direct conductometric detection.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in dried potatoes using anion chromatography with direct conductometric detection.

Determination of hypophosphite, formate, phosphate, adipate, p-nitrobenzoate, and sebacate in ethylene glycol using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfate, phosphate, and pyrophosphate in human urine and mice urine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, and phosphate in a nickel bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline cation exchange.

Determination of silicate, sulfate, and phosphate in a clay extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection before and after chemical suppression. Using a step gradient and switching valve to work with or without chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, phosphate, phosphite, and sulfate in a dye solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in seawater from a shrimp farm using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and subsequent UV/VIS detection.

Determination of chloride, bromide, phosphate, and sulfate in an ashed baking additive using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and chromate in a cataphoretic paint bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and sulfate in a liquid polymer sample using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of organic acids and phosphate using ion-exclusion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and citrate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and phosphite in poly(phosphonic acid) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

In the course of USP column equivalency tests, the Metrosep A Supp 3 - 250/4.0 is applied for the assay of citric acid/citrate and phosphate according to USP general Chapter <345>. This report shows that the Metrosep A Supp 3 - 250/4.0 column is equivalent to packing L61 required in USP general Chapter <345>.

Determination of bromide and phosphate in waste dump drainage water in the presence of very high concentrations of other ions and organic substances using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of phosphate in produced water containing up to 100 g/L chloride as well as crude oil using anion chromatography with conductivity and MS detection after inline dialysis.

Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, tartrate, tungstate, phosphate, citrate, and pyrophosphate in an electroplating bath using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

The concentration of Cd in a Zn phosphatation bath is determined by polarography in HCl electrolyte.

The concentration of Zn in a zinc phosphatation bath is determined by polarography in ammonia buffer pH 9.3.

The concentration of Ni in a Zn phosphatation bath is determined by polarography in ammonia buffer pH 9.3.

The concentration of Pb in a Zn phosphatation bath is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in HCl electrolyte.

Compounded injections of sodium bicarbonate are sterile solutions for correcting metabolic acidosis and other conditions requiring systemic alkalinization. Compounded injections of sodium phosphates serve as a phosphate source to either prevent or correct hypophosphatemia in patients with restricted oral intake. Ion chromatography (IC) with suppressed conductivity detection is the standardized way to accurately quantify sodium in these solutions.

Sulfate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Ba2+ as titrant. In industry, the widespread procedure is applied to the determination of sulfate in wet-process phosphoric acid. This bulletin deals with the determination of sulfate in granular fertilizers such as MAP (monoammonium phosphate), DAP (diammonium phosphate) and TSP (triple superphosphate). Results are reported as percentage of elemental sulfur, %S.

Anticavity pharmaceuticals like sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical solution products require strict quality control. This Application Note outlines the fluoride IC assay as described in the USP Monograph Sodium Fluoride and Acidulated Phosphate Topical Solution.

Phosphorus removal is essential in waste water treatment plants to ensure the environmental balance is not upset by discharged effluent. In the treatment facility it is important to know the bioavailable o-phosphate phosphorus (o-PO4-P) concentration in the influent stream either to feed bacteria or to calculate the amount of reagents needed for chemical treatment. For environmental compliance monitoring purposes, treated effluent is monitored for TP – the sum of all insoluble and dissolved phosphates present. With the Metrohm Process Analytics 2035 TP Analyzer (complete with integrated compact digestion cuvette photometer module), you can keep track of both o-PO4-P and TP according to DIN EN ISO 6878:2004-09 around the clock.

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children in many countries. The capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Hib plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. The polysaccharide capsule hides cell surface components from elements of the mammalian immune system, such as antibodies and complement proteins that otherwise would activate mechanisms to kill the pathogen. Vaccines require rigorous characterization and assays to ensure final product quality and consistency. For glycoconjugate vaccines, it is important to measure both free and total PS to ensure the quality. A large amount of unconjugated PS may suppress immunity to the antigen. Additionally, the presence of free PS is a key indicator of process consistency. Current methods to determine PS content in vaccines such as Hib are imprecise and unreliable, especially if the vaccine contains a sugar stabilizer (e.g. lactose). Ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD, or HPAEC-PAD) offers a simpler procedure and better sensitivity than other assays to quantify PS (here, polyribosylribitol phosphate [PRP]) in Hib vaccine.

The determination of orthophosphate and polyphosphates is an important quality control for shrimp. The Dose-in Gradient setup accelerates phosphate separation by adding a stronger eluent. The separation of the phosphates is achieved by increasing the carbonate concentration while maintaining the same hydroxide content.

After acid digestion, the sample solution is neutralized with sodium hydroxide to form sodium dihydrogen phosphate. An excess of lanthanum nitrate is added and the released nitric acid is then titrated with sodium hydroxide solution.NaH2PO4 + La(NO3)3 → LaPO4 + 2 HNO3 + NaNO3This determination method is suitable for higher phosphate concentrations.

Determination of phosphate, HEDP (etidronic acid), and pyrophosphate in a biocide sample using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of pyro-, trimeta-, and tripolyphosphate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of o-phosphate, pyrophosphate, and trimetaphosphate in sodium tripolyphosphate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

Determination of bromide, nitrate, and phosphate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in dimethylacetamide using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of trace levels of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in boiler feed water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in boric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of lactate, formate, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in orange juice using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a meat extract (Na2B4O7) after Carrez clearing using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and monofluorophosphate in glutamine monofluorophosphate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

β-glycerophosphate and malate are determined in a pharmaceutical formulation. Excellent separation of β-glycerophosphate and malate from α-glycerophosphate and phosphate is possible with the aid of a carbonate eluent and the Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 column.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in boric acid with sample preconcentration using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an etching reagent using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in Schoeniger absorption solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of bromoacetate, methanesulfonate, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in an acidic cleaning solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in beer wort using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in 15% NaOH using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample neutralization.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in mayonnaise using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and advanced dialysis for inline sample preparation.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a strongly alkaline solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of trace levels of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a boiler feed water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, and phosphate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, and sulfate in process water using anion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, trimeta-, and pyrophosphate in tripolyphosphate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cooling water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a protein formulation using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate impurities in syringe filters using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of traces of fluoride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and subsequent UV/VIS detection.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfite, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Three different suppressor systems are compared in terms of sensitivity. Additionally, binary gradient elution was applied to analyze phosphates in the presence of mono- and divalent ions.

Determination of formate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in 20% TMAOH using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression and inline matrix neutralization.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cutting oil emulsion using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

This Application Note documents the suitability of hand-held Raman spectrometers, e.g., the Mira M-1, for the identification and differentiation of salts such as carbonates, phosphates, and sulfates. The focus of the work was the rating of the influence of the cationic part and of the crystal water on the Raman spectroscopy identification of the salts.

Determination of fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, and sulfate in an etching bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a borate effluent using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in surface water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression; nitrite with electrochemical detection (conductivity and ELCD detectors in series).

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in human urine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, trimetaphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in tetrasodium pyrophosphate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in 20% NaOH after inline neutralization by cation exchange on the 793 IC Sample Prep Module using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of glycolate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in engine coolant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, selenite, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and selenate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, phosphate, sulfite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in a beer using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in water from an agricultural irrigation system using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of the cross contamination of 100 mg/L of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate to ultrapure water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline ultrafiltration.

NIRS simultaneously measures important quality parameters in whey permeate (i.e., ash, phosphate, lactose, protein, pH, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and iodide in a mineral water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an electroplating bath after inline elimination of heavy metals by cation exchange on the 793 IC Sample Prep Module using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, and sulfate in river water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

In this application note, we demonstrate how to determine the through-plane tortuosity τ of a commercial lithium ion battery cathode material with known porosity and coating thickness, based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in sodium tetraborate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression. Inline acidification is applied to convert tetraborate into boric acid which is not retained on the preconcentration column. Inline calibration minimizes the anion contamination.

Determination of formate, chloride, nitrite, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater containing N-methylpyrrolidone using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline matrix elimination.

Determination of 1 (3) µg/L of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate after direct injection using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Fast IC means short run times and a high sample throughput. This is attained using short columns and strong eluents. Fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and oxalate are separated in less than eight minutes using the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 100/4.0.

Determination of fluoride, hypophosphite, chlorite, bromate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, chlorate, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfate, and iodide using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, thiosulfate, iodide, and citrate in a standard solution using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate in an E85 mixture (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) by means of anion chromatography with conductivity detection and sequential suppression. The Inline Matrix Elimination serves as sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, propionate, formate, butyrate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, sulfate, malonate, and oxalate in an industrial process water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate in colored liquors using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Qualitative determination of chloride, phosphate, and sulfate as well as chlorite, nitrite, chlorate, bromide, and chromate in urine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, and oxalate in a cooling lubricant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and subsequent UV detection (see AN-U-047) after sequential suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate on a short column or the ions mentioned plus bromate and nitrite on a long column in water samples applying intelligent column-switching using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, fumarate, and molybdate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate (heat stable salts) in scrubber solutions using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

OpenLab CDS is the newest generation of chromatography data systems from Agilent. The Metrohm IC Driver 1.0 for OpenLab CDS implements Metrohm ion chromatographs in OpenLab CDS for full control and data acquisition. This application shows the use of a gradient (Dose-in Gradient) as well as Dosino Regeneration in OpenLab CDS. Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and iodide in a standard solution are separated and determined.

Determination of fluoride, hypophosphite, chlorite, bromate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, chlorate, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfate, arsenate, iodide, chromate, and perchlorate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after gradient elution and chemical suppression.

Calibration of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using intelligent partial loop injection technique and anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression. This technique allows a calibration range of 1:100 (e.g. 1 μg/L to 100 μg/L corresponding to 2 μL to 200 μL injected volume) out of 1 calibration solution. Applying the full range of partial loop injection to the samples one calibration covers a sample concentration range of 1 to 10'000.

This article describes a simple method for the determination of seven standard anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate) in accordance with US EPA Method 300 Part A. An IC system is extended to include Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Eluent Preparation for the analysis.

The STREAM (suppressor treatment reusing eluent after measurement) is applied since quite some time. The suppressor rinsing with suppressed eluent is advantageous over ultrapure water rinsing: a smaller water dip, faster MSM equilibration, and the avoidance of an additional water supply are just a few. Injecting samples containing iron in the matrix under sulfuric acid regeneration yields reduced peak areas and broader peaks for phosphate. Switching to a regenerant based on sulfuric and oxalic acid allows full regeneration of the MSM. The overlay above shows three subsequently taken chromatograms after more than 300 injections of 10 mg/L iron(II) onto one single MSM chamber. No difference in peak shape or peak area is observed.

In the petrochemical industry, natural gas is processed to remove contaminants and meet product specifications. Process contaminants include acidic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, which can corrode costly refinery equipment downstream. Typically, the acidic gases are removed via alkanolamine treatment using monoethanolamine (MEA) or methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). The amine solutions absorb the acidic gases, and then the amine compounds are removed from the natural gas. In addition to the acidic gases, heat stable salts (HSS) that remain in the natural gas are also corrosive to the treatment plants. These are also removed via gas sweetening and need to be determined in the used gas sweetening amine solution. Some typical heat stable salts of interest include acetate (1), formate (2), chloride (3), phosphate (4), sulfate (5), oxalate (6), thiosulfate (7), and thiocyanate (8).

The analytical challenge treated in the present work consists in the determination of chloride, phosphate and sulfate in the presence of difficult sample matrices that interact with the stationary column phase or even render it unusable. Metrohm`s patented stopped-flow dialysis coupled to the new 881 Compact IC pro ion chromatograph overcomes these drawbacks. Two standard solutions covering the concentration ranges 1.0…3.6 mg/L and 10…36 mg/L as well as two samples, an ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk and a baby milk powder, were characterized in terms of analyte concentration, relative standard deviation, calibration quality, carryover and recovery rates. While the five-point calibration curves yielded correlation coefficients (R) better than 0.9999, carryover (between two subsequent injections of a concentrated sample and a blank) was less than 0.49%. Recoveries for the low (10…36 mg/L) and high standard concentrations (1.0…3.6 mg/L) were within 91…99% and 94…100%, respectively. Automated compact stopped-flow dialysis is a leading-edge sample preparation technique that ensures optimum separation performance by effectively protecting the column from detrimental matrix compounds.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries offer users safety and durability. Polarographic speciation evaluates Fe(II) and Fe(III) in cathode material, useful for several tests.

The assay of calcium acetate, often used as a phosphate binder for dialysis patients, can be performed with ion chromatography (IC) as per USP <621> and <1225>.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

This Application Bulletin describes the voltammetric determination of the elements iron, copper and vanadium. Fe as well as Cu and V can be determined as catechol complex at the HMDE by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). Fe(II) and Fe(III) are determined as Fe(total) with the same sensitivity for both species in either phosphate buffer or PIPES electrolyte. Cu and V can be determined in PIPES buffer.The methods are primarily suitable for the investigation of ground, drinking and surface waters, in which the concentration of these metals is important. But the methods can naturally also be used for trace analysis in other matrices.The limit of detection for all three elements in PIPES buffer is 0.5 ... 1 µg/L, for iron in phosphate buffer it is approx. 5 µg/L.

Determination of sulfide, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate in the presence of chloride, nitrate, and phosphate using anion chromatography with combination of suppressed and nonsuppressed conductivity detection.

Determination of chlorite, bromate, chlorate, glycolate, acetate and formate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate using anion chromatography and subsequent conductivity detection following chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high-pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfite, oxalate, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, silicate, and hexafluorosilicate (calculated) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and subsequent UV/VIS detection with post-column reaction (see AN U-48). Hexafluorosilicate is hydrolyzed into fluoride and silicate. Both anion concentrations can be used for the calculation of the SiF62- concentration.

The raw materials whey, sorbitol, stearic acid, and calcium phosphate dihydrate dibasic all show very distinctive, unique Raman signatures, which indicates that Raman spectroscopy is the ideal technology for identification of these materials. The PCA model-based method provides reliable specificity to successfully identify these nondestructively in plastc samples bags using the NanoRam.

The determination of PBBE (tetrabromobisphenol A - TBBPA, octabromodiphenyl ether - OCTA and decabromodiphenyl ether - DECA) in a polymer sample was carried out with the Nucleosil EC - 250 mm column; for this purpose a methanol and phosphate buffer was used as an eluent and subjected to UV detection in accordance with the IEC 62321 method for RoHS testing.

Measures to monitor or prevent corrosion are crucial in nuclear power plants, where significant risks to health and safety can occur if corrosion is left unchecked. Anions corrode metals under high temperature and pressure, therefore their concentrations must be monitored at all times. The analytical challenge in the primary circuit is detection of anions in the μg/L range alongside gram quantities of boric acid and lithium hydroxide. Precise, reliable trace analysis requires the method to be automated as much as possible. The 2060 IC Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics can measure several anions from a single injection, with combined Inline Preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination to measure low anion concentrations precisely and reliably time after time.

N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is crucial for lithium-ion battery production. Metrohm’s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination enables µg/L-level anion analysis in NMP.

Food waste is an important raw material for biogas production. However, during the fermentation process, phenylacetate can be produced from phenylalanine. As phenylacetate inhibits bacterial growth and their metabolism, it is an important parameter to monitor in order to guarantee a successful fermentation process. Aside from phenylacetate, chloride, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, phosphate, and thiosulfate are also determined in the fermentation broth sample.

Phosphoric acid is a triprotic inorganic acid used for many purposes: as a raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers, detergents, as an electrolyte in phosphoric acid fuel cells, rust removers, and for the passivation of iron and zinc to protect against corrosion. This Application Note presents an acid-base titration where the concentration of phosphoric acid is determined over all three of its dissociable protons by titrating it with sodium hydroxide.

Product consistency and quality is of utmost importance to winemakers. This wine analysis evaluates nutrients and other ionic ingredients, which could potentially have deleterious effects on efficiency and production during the fermentation process. Inorganic and organic anions as acetate, chloride, phosphate, malate, sulfite, tartrate, sulfate, and oxalate are separated and quantified on a Metrosep A Supp 10 - 100/4.0 applying Inline Ultrafiltration and conductivity detection.

Monitoring the range of organic acids in wine is crucial to improve flavor and quality, and to fulfill universal standardized criteria such as the International Code of Oenological Practices. Analytically, organic acids can be properly determined with ion chromatography (IC) and suppressed conductivity detection. As a multicomponent method, inorganic acids can also be resolved which are also valuable tracers for wine quality and taste. This Application Note presents two IC methods for wine quality analysis: a fast isocratic screening method of major organic acids and anions including sulfite, and a complex monitoring method with a binary gradient to separate 15 organic acids. Inline Ultrafiltration was used for economical sample treatment.

Ion chromatography (IC) is the method of choice to determine the concentration of common ions in water. This information is crucial as drinking water must meet certain standards to guarantee health (e.g., nitrite and nitrate), as well as technical suitability (e.g., corrosiveness of chloride and sulfate). The Eco IC is an ion chromatograph suitable for economical routine water analysis. Using an A Supp 17 anion column, the analysis of major anions in drinking waters is robust and can be performed at ambient temperatures without additional temperature conditioning.

This Application Note presents ion chromatography as a precise method to analyze anions in beer as well as cations with non-suppressed conductivity. Automation with Inline Ultrafiltration is also discussed.

The basic chemicals industry is responsible for producing thousands of raw materials at very large scales. The industries downstream rely upon a certain level of chemical purity to manufacture their own goods, as certain impurities can cause major issues in various processes. During the production of the basic chemicals NaOH and KOH, electrolysis of saturated brine solutions with membrane-cells yield the product which is further concentrated by evaporation. Impurities from the salts used in the brine will also be concentrated. Typically, this impurity analysis is performed offline with various hazardous chemicals with varying shelf-lives. The Process Ion Chromatograph is able to perform the measurement described in ASTM E1787-16 online, ensuring quality product without the need for time-consuming, hazardous laboratory experiments.

Application Bulletin AB-076 contains a description of the polarographic determination of low concentrations (1–100 mg/L) of NTA and EDTA in bodies of water. NTA, EDTA and citrate have gained in importance as complexing agents and builders due to the fact that the laws of some countries have made it necessary to find a substitute for phosphates in detergents.This Bulletin describes the determination of larger quantities of complexing agents in detergents using potentiometric titration. The ion-selective copper electrode (Cu-ISE) is used here as the indicator electrode. The determination of complexing agents is not disturbed by the other constituents often present in detergents.

Fast and reliable analysis of drinking water by combining EPA method 300.1 Parts A and B in a single IC run.

The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.

Ion chromatography (IC) provides an automated, fast, and sensitive solution to accurately quantify cationic and anionic components including acetate simultaneously. This comprehensive approach makes IC an economic alternative to traditional techniques for the quality control of pharmaceutical solutions like haemodialysis concentrates. Ease-of use, accuracy, and the high-throughput of IC increase productivity and comply with the demands of modern routine and research labs.

Determination of fosetyl-aluminum in a formulation using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, and trimetaphosphate using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of citrate, dipolyphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in a food additive using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Monofluorophosphate is used in toothpaste to prevent dental caries. USFDA allows up to 1.5 g/kg fluoride corresponding to 11.5 g/kg sodium monofluorophosphate on over the counter (OTC) dentifices for adults and children above 6 years. Here, a toothpaste is analyzed for monofluorophosphate by ion chromatography applying conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Whitening toothpaste often contains polyphosphates to remove stains. The analysis of these polyphosphates requires a high-pH hydroxide eluent. The high eluent concentration is suppressed by the high-capacity suppressor MSM-HC.

Determination of hexafluorophosphate in an ionic liquid BMIHFP (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, >97%) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Strong citrate retention delays chromatographic anion determination in beverages containing citric acid. The use of a step gradient reduces the retention time of the citrate, thus considerably shortening the analysis period.

A combination of the 850 Professional IC and the 872 Extension Module Liquid Handling opens the field of Metrohm’s online monitoring by IC. In this application, Inline Preconcentration is coupled to Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME). By removing excess matrix components, corrosive anions can be sensitively determined. Additionally, this technique allows automated calibration using a single multi-ion standard solution. Online trace analysis for chloride and sulfate is possible for several different sample lines.

Determination of fluorophosphate in effervescent tablets using anion chromatography with conductivity detection afterchemical suppression applying a step gradient to elute strongly retained components.

The high-capacity suppressor MSM-HC allows to run analyses with high eluent concentrations, e.g., sodium hydroxide eluents. The determination of anions in washing powder is a typical example where the high pH of NaOH is required for the separation of polyphosphates.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolyte quality is essential for performance, stability, and safety reasons. Ion chromatography is an accurate method for electrolyte analysis.

Hydrogen peroxide is used as a cleaning, oxidizing and bleaching agent. Depending on its purity, it may contain inorganic anions as well as organic acid anions, such as oxalate, phthalate, and dipicolinic acid. Dipicolinic acid is a complexing agent that binds transition metal cations and is sometimes added to increase the stability of hydrogen peroxide.

Fast IC means a high sample throughput. This is attained with short columns, relatively high flows and strong eluents. Here standard anions are determined within three minutes on the Metrosep A Supp 10 - 50/4.0.

Titration is an accurate and precise method that can be used to determine the pyrophosphate content in aqueous products. The OMNIS Titrator equipped with a dUnitrode delivers reliable determinations.

Determination of α-glycerophosphate and β-glycerophosphate in amino acids using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Metrohm`s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) excels in its capacity to perform automatic ion chromatographic determinations over 6 orders of magnitude. Crucial requirements for this are the system`s intelligence and the exact measurement of the sample volume. While the intelligence allows to compare results and take decisions, the dosing device takes over the high-precision liquid handling of even single-digit microliter volumes to the preconcentration column. By using only one analytical setup and without additional rinsing, samples containing both ultratraces and high concentrations can be analyzed.As the other Metrohm Inline Techniques, the MiPCT-ME technique presented reduces the workload, ensures complete traceability, is free of carryover effects and significantly improves accuracy and reproducibility of the results.

The poster presents the ion chromatographic determination of organic degradation products such as glycolate, formate and acetate besides the standard anions fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulfate.

The poster describes how different suppressors (MSM and MCS) work and mentions possible applications.

The state-of-the-art tri-chamber suppressor technology provides a fresh suppressor chamber for each measurement. The complete regeneration of the chamber after each sample ensures highly efficient cation exchange – today, tomorrow, and even after years of continuous operation.The chromatograms as well as the statistical data demonstrate the outstanding reproducibility of the measurements with the Metrohm Suppressor Module.

Boiler water analysis is an important task in power plant applications. Under the given conditions, the "Metrosep A Supp 10 - 100/4.0" column separates sulfite and sulfate without any organic modifier in the eluent. Even without any stabilizer, sulfite can be determined with a high reproducibility.

Eluent preparation on demand (EPOD) is the convenient and flexible way of automatic eluent preparation. The 849 Level Control together with an 800 Dosino equipped with a 50 mL dosing unit are used to dilute an eluent concentrate to the final eluent concentration. The use of eluent concentrates is suitable for any type of eluent. This facilitates unattended operation of the system over several weeks (see AN C-134 for cation eluent preparation).

The Metrosep A Supp 5 microbore anion column is available in 150 and 250 mm lengths. For the two columns, the run times for separating the 7 standard anions are 20 and 29 minutes. In addition to the good separation properties and the short running times, microbore columns use approximately 75% less eluent than does their 4 mm counterpart.

Electronic-grade nitric acid may not contain more than the slightest traces of anion contaminations (in the mg/L range). The ion chromatography determination of these kinds of anion traces requires not only a high-capacity column but also an eluent that allows the nitrate to be eluted by the column, although only after all of the other ions of interest have been eluted. This separation is achieved on a column of the Metrosep A Supp 16 - 250/4.0 type with the aid of a strong carbonate/hydrogen carbonate eluent.

The Eco IC is an entry-level instrument that is particularly suitable for routine operations and water analysis. It is equipped with a conductivity detector and can be used both with and without chemical suppression. This Application Note describes the determination of anion content with the Metrosep A Supp 17 - 250/4.0 column. This column model is particularly suitable for water analysis at room temperature.

The microbore Metrosep A Supp 4 - 250/2.0 column is particularly suitable for the analysis of anions in critical samples. A waste water sample is being analyzed in the current application. The sample requires only one filtration prior to injection on the Metrosep A Supp 4 - 250/2.0. The anions are quantified with the application of conductivity detection following sequential suppression.

Metrohm Inline Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) is a powerful tool that combines preconcentration, matrix elimination, and multilevel calibration. The latter only requires a single multi-ion standard solution. The 800 Dosino takes over all liquid handling tasks. The shown system setup allows sample analysis from 0.1 µg/L up to 1.0 mg/L.

Pyrophosphate is used as a stabilizer in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. “Reagent grade” solutions may contain pyrophosphate in the higher mg/L range, while “electronic grade” hydrogen peroxide should be free of this stabilizer. Here the determination of pyrophosphate in a high purity H2O2 solution (30%) is performed applying Inline Preconcentration with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) and a Dose-in Gradient.

Monoethylene glycol is used for dehydration of the natural gas before liquefaction and has to be checked for its purity on routine basis. Inorganic anions and their corresponding acids are corrosive. Therefore, they have to be kept at minimum level. The separation is performed on a microbore Metrosep A Supp 16 - 250/2.0 column and quantified by conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

The semiconductor industry requires high-purity or even ultrahigh-purity chemicals for the production of electronic components. The purity of the chemicals is crucial for the quality and efficient production of the parts. Here, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide are analyzed applying traditional sample preparation methods like digestion and evaporation with subsequent reconstitution with ultrapure water. The received samples are injected applying intelligent Preconcentration Technique (MiPCT).

Determination of fosetyl-aluminum (aluminum tris(o-ethylphosphate)) using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Cleanliness is indispensable in electronics production. Ionic contaminations in particular lead to a drastic worsening of the quality of the printed circuit boards. The present Application Note describes the determination of anions on printed circuit board surfaces. The intelligent Partial Loop Injection Technique (MiPT) used for this purpose permits the determination of cations and anions in the same sample. The determination of the cations is described in AN-C-149.

Ion chromatography (IC) with suppressed conductivity detection has been approved by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) as a validated method to quantify the monofluorophosphate (MFP) content in sodium monofluorophosphate. This Application Note shows that all acceptance criteria for the USP Monograph «Sodium Monofluorophosphate» are fulfilled and the procedure was approved as a validated USP method.

Water of the primary cycle of pressurized water reactors (PWR) contains boron for neutron absorption. The high borate content interferes with the direct analysis of trace anions. Inline Neutralization combined with variable preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) allows to remove boron as boric acid before injection.

Anions in diesel, especially biodiesel, may cause harmful deposits in the engine. Determination with ion chromatography requires the transfer of the diesel anions into an aqueous solution, injectable to the IC. A typical method to transfer the anions into water is via Inline Extraction with subsequent Inline Dialysis prior to the injection (see AN-C-101 for a respective analysis of cations). In the actual Matrix Elimination method, diesel diluted with isopropanol is injected into an isopropanol stream and passed through a preconcentration column. Isopropanol washes off the diesel, and a subsequent rinsing step with ultrapure water removes excess isopropanol.

The column stability of the microbore version of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/2.0 was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 12 weeks and counted a total of 2,650 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

The stability of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 10 weeks and counted a total of 2,150 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

Ultrapure chemicals are required in the semiconductor industry. Ionic impurities may lead to compromised products. This application describes the determination of anionic impurities in semiconductor grade 28% ammonium hydroxide solution. To avoid matrix disturbances, Inline Neutralization and Inline Preconcentration with Matrix Elimination needs to be applied.

Agriculture at significant scale without fertilizers is no longer possible in the modern world. To grow a sufficient amount of produce for nearly 8 billion people as well as for domesticated animals and industrial uses, fertilizers of different nutrient compositions are available to cater to the unique needs of various soil types. Information on the fertilizer’s composition (e.g., total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) is available to help select the ideal fertilizer for a specific soil. Conventionally these constituents are determined either gravimetrically (e.g., phosphorus, potassium, or sulfate) or with ICP-OES (e.g., phosphorus or potassium). These methods either have the disadvantages of long analysis times combined with laborious sample preparation (gravimetry), or require expensive instrumentation with high running costs (ICP-OES). This White Paper elaborates how thermometric titration is a fast and inexpensive alternative method to provide information on the content of various nutrients in different fertilizers.

The combination of 940 Professional IC Vario, 942 Extension Module Vario LQH and 941 Eluent Preparation Module enables process monitoring with the aid of ion chromatography. Assigned the designation ProfIC Vario 12 Anion, this combination is the anion variant of Metrohm Process IC. Intelligent preconcentration technology with matrix elimination is used for sample preparation. The use of an ELGA PURELAB® Flex 6 guarantees the supply of ultrapure water of the highest quality, particularly in cases of high numbers of samples.

Determination of 21 anions and organic acids using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and applying a high pressure gradient.

This application focuses on the simultaneous analysis of cations and suppressed anions with a dual channel Metrohm IC operated by OpenLab CDS.

OpenLab CDS is the newest generation of chromatography data systems from Agilent, combining chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single software platform. The Metrohm IC Driver for OpenLab CDS integrates Metrohm IC instrumentation for full control and data acquisition. The present application describes the simultaneous analysis of anions and cations in a soft drink with a dual channel IC system. Eluent is prepared by applying Inline Eluent Production.

Quality and process control of biofuels require straightforward, fast and accurate analysis methods. Ion chromatography (IC) is at the leading edge of this effort. Traces of anions in a gasoline/ethanol blend can accurately be determined in the sub-ppb range after Metrohm Inline Matrix Elimination using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression. While the analyte anions are retained on the preconcentration column, the interfering organic gasoline/bioethanol matrix is washed away.Detrimental alkali metals and water-extractable alkaline earth metals in biodiesel are determined in the sub-ppm range using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection applying automated extraction with nitric acid and subsequent Metrohm Inline Dialysis. Unlike high-molecular substances, ions in the high-ionic strength matrix diffuse through a membrane into the low-ionic water acceptor solution. In biogas reactor samples, low-molecular-weight organic acids stem from the biodegradation of organic matter. Their profile allows important conclusions concerning conversion in the anaerobic digestion reaction. Volatile fatty acids and lactate can be accurately determined by using ion-exclusion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection after inline dialysis or filtration.

EN ISO 10304-1 is one of the most important standards for the determination of the seven standard anions in water samples. Many other standards refer to EN ISO 10304-01 if anion determination by IC is required. This standard asks for a membrane filtration for samples to avoid bacteria and solids, if required. This application shows the determination of anions according EN ISO 10304-1 applying Inline Ultrafiltration. This setup avoids tedious manual sample filtration and handles any samples fully automatically.

Determination of disinfection byproducts in water is a standard application for ion chromatography. Applying conductivity detection the separation of chlorite and bromate from chloride is crutial for μg/L detection limits. The combination of a Metrosep A Supp 7 - 250/4.0 and a Metrosep A Supp 16 Guard/4.0 lead to an improved separation. The Limit of Quantification for bromate is around 1 μg/L

The combination of 850 Professional IC, 858 Professional Sample Processor, Dosino and MagIC NetTM software offers a variety of automated ion chromatographic sample preparation and calibration techniques available as an anion, cation or dual channel system. Calibration is straightforward and requires only one multi-ion standard.Inline calibration allows the calibration of any standard concentration in the ppt range by using one single stable standard solution at the ppb level. By using a preconcentration column and switching the valves one, two or more times different calibration concentrations at the ultra-trace level can be created with unprecedented reproducibility. The inline preconcentration technique uses a pre-concentration column and is ideally suited for trace analysis in complex matrices, especially when combined with matrix elimination. Besides facilitating the preparation of g/L to ng/L calibration graphs Metrohm`s intelligent techniques are capable of logical decision making. While Metrohm`s intelligent Partial Loop technique (MiPT) allows samples with a wide concentration range to be injected without previous manual dilution, the intelligent inline dilution technique, after the first sample injection, compares peak areas, calculates, if necessary, the dilution factor, dilutes and automatically re-injects the sample. The presented inline techniques allow the rationalization of the time-consuming, error-prone and cost-intensive manual preparation of standard solutions. They guarantee that the determined sample concentrations always lie within the calibration range. Higher sample throughputs as well as lower analysis costs and improved data reliability are achieved.

Thermometric titration can solve application problems that potentiometry cannot solve at all, or at least not satisfactorily.

This poster provides an overview of ion chromatographic methods combined with inline sample preparation for the determination of anions and water-extractable cations in biofuels. In addition, the determination of the oxidation stability is described.

VoltIC pro I is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu): comprehensive water analysis on a single system.

Forensic institutes examine terrorist attacks and warfare agents via trace detection analysis of the used explosives and their residuals. Of particular importance is the acquisition of «chemical fingerprints» for criminal investigation departments and governmental security agencies. Institutes for public health and environmental protection analyze such compounds that can contaminate the underlying soil and infiltrate ground water.Forensic investigation with ion chromatography (IC) using suppressed conductivity detection allows a sensitive and robust determination of anionic contaminants such as chlorate, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate next to the common inorganic anions over a broad concentration range.

VoltIC Professional 1 is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated, simultaneous analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu). The multiple-parameter analysis uses the same "Liquid Handling" elements and a shared sample changer, thus saving on space and costs.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ion Chromatography (IC) are commonly used in the pharma, food, and environmental sectors to analyze samples for specific components and to verify compliance with norms and standards. However, users of HPLC may run into the limitations of this technique, e.g., when analyzing standard anions or certain pharmaceutical impurities. This white paper outlines how such challenges can be overcome with IC.

This White Paper focuses on selected IC-MS applications for the straightforward identification and quantification of organic acids and inorganic anions in different matrices.

Swimming pool water needs to be thoroughly disinfected and this is often accomplished with ozonization. This process can generate harmful oxyhalides, the concentration of which must be monitored. Here the separation and determination of oxyhalides as well as standard anions are carried out using a column of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 type. Quantification takes place using conductivity detection in accordance with sequential suppression.

Ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is a powerful tool that can handle many challenging analytical tasks which cannot be performed adequately by IC alone. IC-MS is a robust, sensitive, and selective technique used for the determination of polar contaminants like inorganic anions, organic acids, haloacetic acids, oxyhalides, or alkali and alkaline earth metals. After separation of the sample components via IC, mass selective detection guarantees peak identity with low detection limits. The inclusion of automated Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation (MISP) allows not only water samples, but also chemicals, organic solvents, or post-explosion residues to be readily analyzed without need for extensive manual laboratory work. This White Paper explains the benefits of IC-MS over IC in certain cases, the hyphenation of IC and different MS systems, as well as related norms and standards.